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Selasa, 25 Februari 2014
Materi Kuliah English Morphology
SUMMARY
ENGLISH
MORPHOLOGY
By
Hesti
Rahayuningtyas
11420168
4G
Department
of English Education
Faculty
of Language and Arts Education
2013
INTRODUCTION
Morphology:
The study of
internal structure of words and how they can be modified.
MORPHEME
The minimal
linguistic unit which has a meaning and grammatical meaning.
Kinds of morphemes :
Ø Free Morpheme
Ø Bound Morpheme
Free Mopheme:
Morpheme that
can be uttered alone with meaning.
Bound
Morpheme:
Morpheme that can’t be uttered alone with meaning. (suffixes)
Example:
·
Management manage + ment
|
Bound morpheme
|
|
Free morpheme
|
Types
of Bound Morpheme:
Ø Derivational Morphemes
Ø Inflectional Morphemes
Derivational Morphemes:
1)
Change of meaning or part of speech.
Example:
2)
Typically occur with only some members of a class of
morphemes.
Example:
3)
Typically indicate semantic relations within the
words.
Example:
4)
Typically occur before inflectional suffixes.
Example:
chillier
Inflectional Morphemes:
1)
Do not change of meaning or part of speech.
Example:
Play + ing = playing
2)
Typically occur with all members of some large class
of morphemes.
3)
Typically indicate syntactic or semantic relations
between different words in a sentence.
4)
Typically occur at the margins of words.
WORD FORMATION
Word
formation is the branch of
lexicology that studies a process of creating new word.
Types
of Word Formation:
- Compounding
- Conversion
- Clipping
- Blends
- Backformation
- Acronyms
- Onomatopoeia
- Eponyms
- Root
Creation
- Toponyms
- Affixation
- Reduplication
- Suppletion
- Coinage
- Borrowing
- Initialism
- Scale
change
18. Functional
Shift
19. Morpholgical
Misanalysis
1.
Compounding
A process of
combining two
or more words
to make a new word.
Example:
·
Home
+ work
Homework
·
Text
+ book textbook
2.
Conversion
A process of changing a part of speech, but not change the form of word.
3.
Clipping
A process of shortening a word by deleting one or more syllables.
Example: Hamburger
à Burger
Gasoline à Gas
4.
Blending
A process of combining two words by joining or
deleting parts of the
words.
Examples:
a. Wireless + Fidelity à
Wifi
b. Breakfast + lunch à Brunch
c. Motor + hotel à Motel
5.
Back
Formation
A process of removing
affixes from a word. In
this case the word was morpheme in the past.
Examples:
Editor à edit
Television à
televise
6.
Acronym
A process of making the
initial letters of several words become a new word.
Example:
·
Laser (light amplification through
stimulated emission of radiation)
·
Radar(Radio detection and ranging)
·
ASEAN
(Association of South East Asia Nation)
7.
Onomatopoeia
A word that imitates or
suggests the source of the sound that it describes.
Example:
beep , click, chime,
bang! (gunshot)
8.
Eponyms
A process of using the
name of person who
has discover
a place
or thing.
Example:
— Cook Islands (James Cook)
— Watt
( James Watt)
9.
Root
Creation
A procces of creating a
new word by mentioning one of brand of thing become the name of that thing.
Example:
·
Honda = Motorcycle
·
Aqua = Mineral water
10.
Toponyms
A process of mentioning
the name of a place,
without explaining the type of the place.
Example:
— Bromo
(the
name of the mount in east java)
— Kuta
( the name of the beach in Bali)
11.
Affixation
A Process of forming words by adding prefix
and suffix.
Example:
|
suffix
|
|
root
|
|
prefix
|
12.
Reduplication
A process of forming new words by doubling an entire word
(total reduplication) or part of a word (partial reduplication),
but it is extremely
rare.
Example:
·
hip
hop
·
zig zag
·
superduper
13.
Suppletion
A relationship between forms of a word where
in one form
derived from the other word.
Example:
·
Am - was
·
go - went
14.
Coinage
A
process of mentioning completely
new word that made up from the name of companies, new products, or processes that just special
purpose for one thing.
Examples:
·
Facebook
·
Vaseline
15.
Borrowing
Words are created by borrowing from another language
and incorporating into English.
Example:
·
Morphology (morpho & logos )
·
Mango mangga (melayu)
16. Initialism
The first letters of a group of words are combined
into a single word which the letters are pronounced separately
or can’t be pronounced as a word.
Example:
·
OMG =
Oh My God
·
USA = United State of America
17.
Scale
Change
A process adding affixes to the base word to indicate the dimension.
Example:
·
maximize
·
Superman
18.
Functional
Shift
Shifting the part of speech to
another one.
Example:
·
Need
·
Run
·
Buy
·
Laugh
19.
Morpholgical
Misanalysis
Example:
·
Hamburger
Steak -
ham + burger steakburger
·
alcoholic
- alco + holic
sugarholic
HOW TO SOLVE MORPHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Morphological
problem is difficulties about words structure, because not all of words
combained as the rule.
Suffix problems
-er attaches to verb to form a noun and means something
like one who works.
-er attaches to adjectives to form a new
adjective, with extra meaning ‘more’.
Prefix problems
Example:
Imbalance
Unlucky
Incomplete
Compare to other languages
1.
English
with Classical Greek
2.
English
with Tagalog
MORPHOLOGICAL
STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF LANGUAGE
Morphological structure is the structure which consists
of the elements to form words.
We study morphological
structure:
Ø To know the structure which consists of the elements
to form words.
Ø To form a new meaning of the word is formed by several
morphemes.
Types
of Languages
Ø Analytical Language
Ø Synthetic Language
Analytical
Language
Analytic
or isolating languages are made up of sequences of free morpheme-each word
consist of a single morpheme, used by itself with meaning intact.
Synthetic Language
Synthetic
language signify the meanings of sentences by combining free and bound morpheme
to make up word.
The
differences between analytical language and synthetic language
Analytical
language
Analytical language do not use affixes (prefixes or
suffixes).
Example:
[Wo
mΛn tyεn tsin] ‘we (I-plural) are playing
the piano’
[Wo
mΛn tyεn tsin lΛ] ‘we
played the piano
Synthetic
language
Combining free and bound morpheme to make up word.
Example: Az ember lat a kutyat ‘the man sees the dog’
A kutya lat az embert ‘the
dog sees the man’
Synthetic Language
Ø Agglutinating Languages
Ø Fusional Languages
Ø Polysynthetic Languages
Agglutinating Languages
Agglutinating languages are languages in which the
affixes can be separated easily from the stem, and in which each affix
generally conveys only one meaning.
Example: Ni-na-soma ‘I am reading’ ni-ta-soma ‘I will read’
U-na-soma ‘You are
reading’ u-ta-soma
A-na-soma ‘he is
reading’ a-ta-soma
Ni-li-soma ‘I was
reading’
U-li-soma ‘You were
reading’
A-li-soma ‘He was reading’
Fusional language
Fusional language are language in which the affixes
and the base are fused together in pronounciation, and therefore not easily
separated from one another.
Example:
Hablo ‘I am speaking’
Habla ‘He (she) is speaking’
Hablé ‘I spoke’
Hablamos ‘We are speaking’
Hablan ‘They are speaking’
Polysyntetic
language
Polysyntetic language are languages in which several
stem forms may be combined (along with affixes) into a single word.
Example:
[Anin namyכten]
anin nam - yכ – te – n
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